Thus, in the above poem of Faiz, we see that the first couplet has radeef in both the lines (misras) of the matla (first couplet).Both the lines in the matla end with the same word ‘chale’. In the first couplet, which is called a matla, there must be radeef in both the misras (lines) of the couplet, but in the succeeding couplets radeef is necessary only in the second misra (line) of the sher. In the above poem the radeef is the single word ‘chale’ ( though in some ghazals the radeef has more than one word). Radeef is the last word (or words) in a line which is a repetition. This poem has ghazals, that is, it has radeef, kafiya, matla, maqta, and beher. Jo koo-e-yaar se nikle to soo-e-daar chale” Girah mein leke garebaan ka taar taar chale Huzoor-e-yaar hui dafter-e-junoon ki talab Jo hum pe ghuzri so ghuzri magar shab-e-hijraan Kabhi to shab sar-e-kaakul se mushkabar chaleīara hai dard ka rishta ye dil gharib sahi Kabhi to subah tere kunj-e-lab se ho aaghaz Kaheen to beher-e-khuda aaj zikr-e-yaar chale Qafas udaas hai yaaron sabaa se kuch to kaho “Gulon mein rang bhare baad-e-naubahaar chaleĬhale bhi ao ki gulshan ka kaarobar chale To explain these let us take a well known poem of the great Urdu poet Faiz : If these are not in the poem it is not a ghazal. These are radeef, kafiya, matla, maqta, and beher. To be a ghazal 5 strict rules have to be followed. Within two lines, great ideas or emotions are expressed in a powerful way.Īll forms of Urdu poetry are not ghazal. Where the shers are self contained units, it is often a marvel of condensation. A nazm (poem) often contains several shers, but each sher can be a self contained unit having no thematic connection with other shers in the nazm ( though there can also be a nazm having shers with a common theme). Ghazals are written in couplets called sher, each line of a sher being called a misra. Thus,when the poet Faiz writes of love and longing for the beloved he is really dealing with social and political issues, though in an indirect way. It is often used in the mystic Sufi sense of love for God, or it can mean a passion for an ideal for which a person is willing to make sacrifices. For example the word ‘Ishq’ used by Urdu poets often does not mean love between a man and a woman. Later, however, the erotic meaning became only the outer, superficial meaning, while the deeper, inner meaning became the real meaning which the poet wanted to convey. Ghazal means conversation with women, and originally it was used for erotic themes. ghazal, qasida, marsiya, rubai, etc The most popular of these is the ghazal, and I shall only discuss that here. Urdu poetry has several forms (borrowed from Persian poetry) e.g. His biographer Hali wrote that about one third of Ghalib’s verses can hardly be called Urdu, and even till today some of his verses are difficult to understand. His early poems were highly Persianized, and therefore often difficult to understand. Ghalib had a horror of the commonplace in expression, and this often makes his poetry obscure. The greatest Urdu poet Ghalib was of the view that the language of poetry should not be the same as the spoken language of the common man.
Sometimes it can even have a meaning which the poet never contemplated, but is invented by the reader using his creative imagination ! The result is that the same verse can have two or even multiple meanings.
Urdu poets often write their verses not in a direct way but in a roundabout way, conveying their meaning indirectly by hints, allusions and indications. So I shall briefly tell you something about its features. Many of you who do not know Urdu have shown an interest in Urdu poetry.
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